Newsgroups: rec.sport.swimming Path: elvis.clinet.fi!news.eunet.fi!news.funet.fi!sunic!EU.net!ieunet!tcdcs!news.tcd.ie!unix1.tcd.ie!redmondd From: redmondd@unix1.tcd.ie (Judge Raz) Subject: *** Latest FAQ *** Message-ID: Sender: usenet@news.tcd.ie (USENET News System) Organization: University of Dublin, Trinity College Date: Thu, 2 Dec 1993 19:24:17 GMT Lines: 1528 Here is the latest FAQ for rec.sport.swimming. It contains the following information. TOPIC In 'vi' search for.. Basic weight training SWWEIGHT Current World Records (25m and 50m) SWWORLD A few mail-order addresses SWMAIL Bits and Pieces SWBITS (Time conversion from 25m to 50m and request for National Records) Addresses of USS Local Councils SWUSSADDRESS Advice on shoulder injuries SWSHOULDER Advice on Flip-turns SWTURN Advice on trainind methods SWTRAIN USS results BBS SWBBS Goggles with prescription lenses SWLENS Results of 1992 Barcelona Olympics SWOLY_92_RESULT Hope you all find this information useful. Any suggestions/additions would be appreciated. I need information on Masters Swimming and some more mail_order addresses. Donncha ====================================================================== SWWEIGHT: STRENGTH TRAINING I only know personally of workouts on Nautilus systems. This is the one I do. It's pretty good. First of all, the exercises. Bench Press, Leg Press, High Pulley (a), Bicep Curl, Tricep Curl, Shoulder Press, Pec Deck, Situps, Hip Flexor, Leg Extension, Leg Curl, High Pulley (b), High Pulley (c), Calf Raise. (If you don't understand the exercises please email me. If I get enough I'll include descriptions - Donncha) High Pulley (a) : Bar is at head height when standing. Place hands on top of bar and pull down keeping elbows high. High Pulley (b) : Sit on stool below bar. Hold bar with palms facing head. Pull bar down. (Similar to Bicap Curls) High Pulley (c) : Sit on stool below bar. Hold bar with palm facing AWAY from head and hands about 3 feet (yes, feet!) apart. Pull bar down behind head. First of all you do a test session. Stretch for 15mins. Go to each station and do about 10 reps of a medium weight just to get you warmed up. Go to each station and find out what is the absolute maximum you can lift ONCE AND ONCE ONLY. ie: If you can Bench press 100kg twice then try 105kg. This is now your 100% on this station. Record your 100%s on a sheet. Stretch again for 15mins. That's the test session. Go home. Calculate 75% and 85% of your max. on each station. For your normal sessions do the following... Stretch for 15mins. Circuit 1: 10 reps of 75% max. on each station. Circuit 2: 10 reps of 85% max. on each station. Circuit 3: As many reps as possible of 100% max. on each station. Stretch for 15mins. That's it. Circuit 1 is meant as a warm up for later lifts. Circuit 2 can be repeated as often as you like and is intended as the 'development' phase. Circuit 3 must come last. You will probably find that you can't do any 100% lifts for the first few sessions. Don't worry about it. You'll manage a few later on. A test session should be done at the start of each month and new 75% and 85% calculated. Stretching is a *must* as it reduces the risk of injury and also allows your muscles to function more efficiently. ================================================================ SWWORLD: WORLD RECORDS. Here are the official World Records, both Long and Short Course for Men and Women. I will update these as I hear of new records. My main sources are newspaper reports and the World Rankings published by N.J Thierry of the International Swimming Statisticians Association, based in Canada. These rankings are only published every few months so updates might lag behind actual records. I'll do my best. =========================================================================== MENS WORLD RECORDS, SHORT COURSE (September 28th, 1993) 50 Free 21.60 Mark Foster Britain 1993 100 Free 47.98 Gustavo Borges Brazil 1993 200 Free 1:43.64 Giorgio Lamberti Italy 1990 400 Free 3:40.81 Anders Holmertz Sweden 1990 800 Free 7:38.75 Michael Gross Germany 1985 1500 Free 14:32.40 Kieren Perkins Australia 1992 50 Back 24.79 Mark Tewksbury Canada 1991 100 Back 51.43 Jeff Rouse USA 1993 200 Back 1:52.51 Martin Lopez-Zubero Spain 1991 50 Fly 23.60? Mark Foster Britain 1993 100 Fly 52.07 Marcel Gery Canada 1990 200 Fly 1:54.21 Danyon Loader N Zealand 1993 50 Breast 27.15 Dmitri Volkov Russia 1991 100 Breast 59.07 Phil Rogers Australia 1993 200 Breast 2:07.80 Phil Rogers Australia 1993 100 I.M 53.78 Jani Sievenen Finland 1993 200 I.M 1:55.59 Jani Sievenen Finland 1993 400 I.M 4:07.10 Jani Sievenen Finland 1993 4x100 Free 3:14.00 Sweden 1989 4x200 Free 7:05.17 Germany 1990 4x100 Medley 3:34.86 University of Calgary Canada 1992 WOMENS WORLD RECORDS, SHORT COURSE (September 28th, 1993) 50 Free 24.75 Franziska Van Almsick Germany 1993 100 Free 53.33 Franziska Van Almsick Germany 1993 200 Free 1:55.84 Franziska Van Almsick Germany 1993 400 Free 4:02.05 Astrid Strauss Germany 1987 800 Free 8:15.34 Astrid Strauss Germany 1987 1500 Free 15:43.31 Petra Schneider Germany 1982 50 Back 28.59 Sandra Volker Germany 1991 100 Back 59.89 Betsy Mitchell USA 1987 200 Back 2:06.78 Nicole Livingstone Australia 1992 50 Fly 27.11 Kristin Topham Canada 1992 100 Fly 58.91 Mary T. Meagher USA 1981 200 Fly 2:05.65 Mary T. Meagher USA 1981 50 Breast 31.22 Peggy Hartung Germany 1992 100 Breast 1:07.05 Silke Horner Germany 1986 200 Breast 2:22.92 Susanne Bornike Germany 1989 100 I.M 1:01.61 Louise Karlsson Sweden 1991 Li Lin China 1992 200 I.M 2:10.60 Petra Schneider Germany 1982 400 I.M 4:31.36 Naomi Lung Romania 1987 4x100 Free 3:38.77 Germany 1983 4x200 Free 7:58.74 Germany 1987 4x100 Medley 4:02.85 Germany 1981 MENS WORLD RECORDS, LONG COURSE (September 28th, 1993) 50 Free 21.81 Tom Jager USA 1990 100 Free 48.42 Matt Biondi USA 1988 200 Free 1:46.69 Giorgio Lamberti Italy 1989 400 Free 3:45.00 Evgeni Sadovyi Unified 1992 800 Free 7:46.60 Kieren Perkins Australia 1992 1500 Free 14:43.48 Kieren Perkins Australia 1992 100 Back 53.86 Jeff Rouse USA 1992 200 Back 1:56.57 Martin Lopez-Zubero Spain 1991 100 Fly 52.84 Pablo Morales USA 1986 200 Fly 1:55.69 Melvin Stewart USA 1991 100 Breast 1:01.29 Norbert Rosza Hungary 1991 200 Breast 2:10.16 Mike Barrowman USA 1992 200 I.M 1:59.36 Tamas Darnyi Hungary 1991 400 I.M 4:12.36 Tamas Darnyi Hungary 1991 4x100 Free 3:16.53 United States 1988 4x200 Free 7:11.95 Unified Team 1992 4x100 Medley 3:36.93 United States 1988 WOMENS WORLD RECORDS, LONG COURSE (September 28th, 1993) 50 Free 24.79 Wenyi Yang China 1992 100 Free 54.48 Jenny Thompson USA 1992 200 Free 1:57.55 Heike Freidrich Germany 1986 400 Free 4:03.85 Janet Evans USA 1988 800 Free 8:16.22 Janet Evans USA 1989 1500 Free 15:52.10 Janet Evans USA 1988 100 Back 1:00.31 Kristina Egerzegi Hungary 1991 200 Back 2:06.62 Kristina Egerzegi Hungary 1991 100 Fly 57.93 Mary T. Meagher USA 1981 200 Fly 2:05.96 Mary T. Meagher USA 1981 100 Breast 1:07.91 Silke Horner Germany 1988 200 Breast 2:25.35 Anita Nall USA 1992 200 I.M 2:11.65 Li Lin China 1992 400 I.M 4:36.10 Petra Schneider Germany 1982 4x100 Free 3:39.46 United States 1992 4x200 Free 7:55.47 Germany 1987 4x100 Medley 4:02.54 United States 1992 ======================================= SWMAIL: MAIL ORDER These are addresses of various mail order companies around the US. ~From: timc@sunpool.EBay.Sun.COM (Tim Cespedes) J.D. Pence carries catalogs and supplies from Speedo, TYR, Arena, Ocean and Hind. J.D. Pence Aquatic Supply 3139 Pacific Ave Forest Grove, OR 97116 voice: 1-800-547-2520 fax: 1-503-357-1263 -------------------------------------- I've received a catalog of The Finals equipment from the International Swim Hall of Fame (ISHOF) Products. The number and address are: 1-800-431-9111 ISHOF Mail Order Company 1 Hall of Fame Drive Ft. Lauderdale, FL 33316 ======================================= MASTERS SWIMMING Any info appreciated!!! Australia: From andrew@daneel.rdt.monash.edu.au Thu Feb 11 23:46:33 1993 For information on one of the 28 (or so) Masters clubs in the state of Victoria, Australia contact: State Secretary, Bruce Ripper (03) 691-3725 (w) (03) 802-6014 (h) ======================================= SWBITS: BITS AND PIECES National Records. I have the National Records for Ireland and New Zealand here. If you want a copy or would like to mail me your countries records email me at redmondd@unix1.tcd.ie Conversion. ~From: graham@otago.ac.nz "A set of conversions that give good general results from events swum in short course pools (of length 25 metres) to those in long course pools (of length 50 metres) is listed below. Note that it is impossible to produce a conversion that is accurate for all swimmers because of age differences, sex differences, build differences, turn technique differences, etc. "For each extra turn in a short course pool add the following time in secs to establish the long course pool time in the stroke. Freestyle 0.85 secs Backstroke 0.85 secs Breaststroke 1.00 secs Butterfly 0.70 secs IM 0.85 secs "Thus the time for 200m fly swum in a 25 metre pool should have 2.80 secs added to it to compare with 200m fly swum in a long course pool." =========================================== SWUSSADDRESS: INFORMATION ON U.S. SWIMMING ============================ Aquatic Sports Governing Bodies ------------------------------- Swimming U.S. Swimming 1750 East Boulder Street Colorado Springs, CO 80909-5770 (719) 578-4578 (719) 578-4669 (Fax) Masters Swimming Masters Swimming 2 Peter Avenue Rutland, MA 01543 (508) 886-6631 Water Polo U.S Water Polo Pan American Plaza 201 South Capitol Avenue, Suite 520 Indianapolis, IN 46225 (317) 237-5599 (317) 237-5590 (Fax) Diving U.S. Diving As for Polo but Suite 430. (317) 237-5252 Synchronized Swimming U.S. Synchronized Swimming As for Polo but Suite 510. (317) 237-5700 Local Swimming Committee Permanent Offices ------------------------------------------ COLORADO SWIMMING CONNECTICUT SWIMMING P.O. Box 4181 9 Chipmunk Lane Pueblo, CO 81003 Ridgefield, CT 06877 (800) 242-SWIM (in CO) (203) 730-8112 (719) 561-1033 (outside CO) FLORIDA GOLD COAST SWIMMING FLORIDA SWIMMING 5701 Bayview Drive 1221 Lee Road, Suite 102 Fort Lauderdale, FL 33308 Orlando, FL 32810 (305) 491-6908 (407) 298-SWIM (305) 491-2976 (Fax) (407) 299-SWIM (Fax) ILLINOIS SWIMMING INDIANA SWIMMING P.O. Box 877 201 South Capitol Avenue Aurora, IL 60506 Suite 410 (708) 844-0476 (inc. Fax) Indianapolis, IN 46225 (317) 237-5780 LOUISIANA SWIMMING METROPOLITAN SWIMMING 2834 Hoyte Drive 19 Mt. Rainier Avenue Shreveport, LA 71118 Farmingville, NY 11738 (318) 687-0099 (516) 736-6422 MICHIGAN SWIMMING MIDWESTERN SWIMMING P.O. Box 320 1429 North Webster Warren, MI 48090 Hastings, NE 68901 (313) 751-5386 (402) 462-5941 MINNESOTA SWIMMING MISSOURI VALLEY SWIMMING 3301 Silverlake Road, NE 908 West 27th Terrace Minneapolis, MN 55418 Lawrence, KS 66046 (612) 781-3619 (913) 841-0999 NEW ENGLAND SWIMMING NIAGARA SWIMMING 20 Cleveland Road 279 Terrace Park Needham, MA 02192 Rochester, NY 14619 (617) 449-0270 (716) 328-4559 OREGON SWIMMING PACIFIC NORTHWEST SWIMMING 1750 SW Skyline Blvd., 650 SW Campus Drive Suite 15 Federal Way, WA 98023 Portland, OR 97221 (206) 296-4444 (503) 297-6027 PACIFIC SWIMMING POTOMAC VALLEY SWIMMING 908 Capistrano Drive P.O. Box 771 Salinas, CA 93901 Beltsville, MD 20705 (408) 757-1314 (301) 937-3557 SAN DIEGO-IMPERIAL SWIMING SOUTH TEXAS SWIMMING 1135 Garnet Avenue, Suite K 3327 Le Blanc San Diego, CA 92109 San Antonio, TX 78247 (619) 275-1292 (512) 545-3417 SOUTHEASTERN SWIMMING SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA SWIMMING 8117 Strong Drive P.O. Box 30530 Huntsville, AL 35812 Santa Barbara, CA 93130 (205) 882-6252 (805) 683-2925 (805) 964-6032 (Fax) UTAH SWIMMING P.O. Box 57521 Salt Lake City, UT 84107 (801) 565-0690 ======================================================== SWSHOULDER: HERE ARE A FEW MESSAGES FROM THE NET CONCERNING THE EVER-PRESENT SHOULDER PROBLEMS. SOME USEFUL INFORMATION HERE, PARTICULARLY PHIL LUEBKE'S POST. ~From: cjp5921@zeus.tamu.edu (PEOPLES, CHRISTOPHER JAMES) Hey all, Well, I did it again, the tendonitisis in shoulders has reared its ugly head once more. Went to the campus health center, and got my usual load of ibuprofen (one 800 mg horse pill 3 times a day) and was told to rest, etc. I did cut my workout yardage to 2500 yds max, down from the usual 3600 yds per workout, twice a week. I am curious to see what everyone else's thoughts are on how to minimize this problem. Are there any good ways to stretch the shoulder muscles? What about physical therapy? Is there anything they can do? Thanks much, Cheers, Chris Peoples cjp5921@geopsun.tamu.edu ~From: sag@hera.Berkeley.EDU (Steve Goldfield) I have one immediate comment. Twice a week isn't enough either for cardiovascular maintenance or muscular development. Three times a week is minimal. If you are doing a hard workout twice a week, you may even be getting overtrained because you're demanding more of your body than you've trained it for. The problem is that both cardiovascular conditioning and muscle strength begin to deteriorate after about 48 hours. If you wait much longer than that to work out again, you are fighting an uphill battle. 3,600 yards--two miles-- is a pretty stiff workout for someone only working out twice a week. I do that distance, too, but I try to work out three or four times a week. It could be that you'll have to back off the distance for a while and increase your frequency until you build yourself up enough to swim 3,600 yards without straining your muscles. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Steve Goldfield :<{ {>: sag@hera.berkeley.edu University of California at Berkeley Richmond Field Station ~From: luebke5317@iscsvax.uni.edu (Phil Luebke) Well, here it is! I finally remembered to bring my stack of Xeroxes (TM) with me to the computer lab. There may be some more recent articles. I did my research about two years ago. The list is not in proper documentation form, but who cares? It's got all the information you should need. Here's how it's set up: MAGAZINE OR JOURNAL/DATE/AUTHOR/ARTICLE TITLE/PAGE # ...and we're off!: Swimming World/Jan 85/Douglas Blatz, M.D./Swimmer's Shoulder/41 Swimming World/Feb 85/Douglas Blatz, M.D./Upper-Arm Strap/43 Swimming World/Mar 85/Richard Dominguez, M.D./Swimmer's Shoulder: The Impingement Syndrome/39 Swimming World/Apr 85/Dr. John Aronen/Swimmer's Shoulder/43 Swimming World/Mar 87/David C. Salo/Shoulder Injury Etiology And Prevention/18 Swimming World/??? ??/John G. Aronen/Swimmer's Shoulder/?? Swimming World/Mar 89/Gary Kime/A Parent's Guide To Swimming Injuries/25 The Physician and Sportsmedicine/Apr 74/John C. Kennedy, M.D., F.R.C.S.(C.) and R.J. Hawkins, M.D./Swimmer's Shoulder/34 The Physician and Sportsmedicine/Jul 80/Richard H. Dominguez, M.D./Shoulder Pain in Swimmers/37 The Physician and Sportsmedicine/Aug 85/Joseph F. Greipp, MEd/Swimmer's Shoulder: The Influence of Flexibility and Weight Training/92 The Physician and Sportsmedicine/Dec 86/William C. McMaster, M.D./Painful Shoulder in Swimmers: A Diagnostic Challenge/108 The American Journal of Sports Medicine/Vol. 6, No. 6 1978/Kennedy, Hawkins, and Krissoff (with all those initials after their names)/Orthopaedic manifestations of swimming/309 The American Journal of Sports Medicine/Vol. 7, No. 2 1979/Peter Fowler,M.D./141 The American Journal of Sports Medicine/Vol. 8, No. 3 1980/R.J. Hawkins, M.D., F.R.C.S.(C), F.A.C.S., and J.C. Kennedy, M.D., F.R.C.S., F.A.C.S./Impingement syndrome in athletes/151 The American Journal of Sports Medicine/Vol. 8, No. 3 1980/Richardson, Jobe, and Collins (all M.D.)/The shoulder in competitive swimming/159 Also, in the book "Swimming Medicine IV" by the International Congress on Swimming Medicine, 4th: pp. 101-104 Insertion Tendonitis Among Swimmers pp. 105-109 Shoulder Pain in Age Group Swimmers pp. 110-114 Coracoacromial Ligament Resection for Severe Swimmer's Shoulder I hope the info. you find in these articles proves helpful. I certainly did. I think maybe we should get this list into the FAQs. Do we even have a FAQ for this newsgroup? (*WE DO NOW. EMAIL ME ANY SUGGESTIONS, INFO. *) ~From: tbmaddux@cco.caltech.edu (Timothy B. Maddux) I too happen to be a sufferer of tendonitis, my right shoulder being the one that is afflicted. I work out about 5 times a week, about 4000 yards each workout. Aside from the usual treatments of ice/advil after workout, the only other solution I have found is to intersperse some easy backstroke in between the harder sets. This will, for me, tend to ease the pain and reduce the swelling so that I may return to regular sets. Building up your rotator cuff muscles can also be a big help, as can shoulder stretching exercises. ROTATOR CUFF EXERCISES From tbmaddux@alumni.cco.caltech.edu Sun Oct 24 23:19:27 1993 Keeping the injured arm at your side with no space between elbow and ribcage, raise your arm until your elbow is bent to 90 degrees with the fingers pointing straight away from your chest. The muscles that should be exercised are those for internal and external rotation of the rotator cuff. Internal rotation would bring your palm inward and across your stomach until your forearm is flat against the abdomen. External rotation is in the opposite direction, rotating your hand and forearm away from your body until your hand points nearly sideways. Be certain at all times to keep your upper arm against the side of your body. These exercises can either be done with resistance bands or tubing, which is recommended initially. Do 10-20 repetitions of both internal and external rotation, three sets total. Perform the exercise for both arms. Eventually weights can be used instead of a resistance band. In this case the exercise is done while lying sideways. For internal rotation lie with the arm to be exercised at the bottom, forearm flat against the ground and pointed directly away from you, then lift the weight upwards through an arc of 90 degrees. For external rotation, begin with the arm to be exercised on top, upper arm along your side and forearm pointed away from you and hanging above the ground. Lift the weight from that position to as high as is comfortable by rotating your forearm to as much as 90 degrees. You should start with no more than 1/2 lb. (or less) of weight. Small ankle weights are good for this exercise. Tygon tubing or rubber resistance straps can be purchased at sporting goods stores or from a college trainer :) -tim ~From: earhartgregm@bvc.edu (GREG EARHART) In article <1993Oct19.151437.7360@news.duc.auburn.edu>, holmeja@eng.auburn.edu (Jeff Holmes) writes: > > I recently found out that one of the causes of my rotator cuff problems > is that after I do a flip turn, I breathe immediately. I only breathe > on one side also, to compound the problem. Apparently, there is a lot > of stress on the shoulder to pull through the first stroke with my head > out of the water with the same arm on every single flip turn. It also > slows me down considerably. This was all new news to me. I seriously doubt how much breathing on your first stroke will affect your rotator cuff. Problems with that generally are a result of poor body roll on your freestryle. As for turns, I doubt everyone has that much more lung capacity than you do (that is unless you smoke seven packs a day.) As such without looking at your stroke and turns, that the problem again comes down to stroke and turn efficiency. Do you stroke all the way into the wall or do you let one arm finish, let the other finish and then use those arms to flip youself over? Then once you do flip, do you kick continously of the wall? Most importantly do you hyperextend/streamline off the wall? The difference between a good and poor streamline can be the difference between you coming up for air immediately off the wall and streamlining out past the flags. > > My question is, I hardly have enough air to DO a flip turn when I am swimming > hard. Where does everyone get all of this extra air to extend the time of > holding ones breath? As I do the turn, I exhale all of my air so that water > doesn't go up my nose when I am upside-down. When I am out of breath Just let the air "dribble" out your nose. When you do that you can exhale over a longer period of time. Same holds true while swimming--exhale slowly while your face is in the water so it's easier for you to get a breath. > to begin with, keeping my head under water to take another stroke seems > impossible! HELP!!! As for your rotator cuff, and anyone else with shoulder problems, look at your stroke, and imagine yourself swimming freestyle not on your stomach, but as a "side-stomach-side" stroke. Stand in shallow water with your shoulders at water level. Now, facing forward, shoulders parallel to the water's surface, try pulling your elbows up to the ceiling. A bit stressful on the shoulders? This is what is happening when you swim on your stomach. Now dip one shoulder in the water and lift the opposite elbow up in the air. See how much easier it is? Also notice how much deeper and stronger of a pull you can get with your submerged arm. Good body roll has a dual purpose: a-you lessen pressure on your recovery arm (thus making it easier on your shoulders) and b-you increase pulling p ower with your stroking arm (more stress, but the motion is downward and more natural to the human body.). When you have a good roll it also makes it easier to breathe bilaterally (which will help your lung capacity), and makes your stroke more symetrical. ======================================================================== SWTURN: INFORMATION ON FLIP-TURNS AND TRAINING METHODS FOR VARIOUS TYPES OF SWIMMERS. ~From: Geoff Lamb Here are a few things he has collected from the net on flip turns and training methods. -------------------------------------------------------------------------- ~From: James Michael Reed Geoff: The following is a list of the replies I've gotten so far. Good luck! jmr ~From: jamie@dsd.camb.inmet.com (Jamie Millar) To: jmr@bird.cs.uiuc.edu ~Subject: Flip Turns Hello I will try to help you, I have been swimming for 8 years and have taught at competitive swim camps for five years. First: the turn is basicly a somersault despite what you have been told. What I am going to do is outline a series of drill that will teach you the turn. Number 1: Start out in the middle of the pool. Now put your hands at your side and start to kick in towards the wall. After a few seconds tuck your chin and do a somersauld bring your legs over your head. Don't twist at all. Just end up on your back on the surface or slightly under the water. After geting the hang of that try taking your hands from your side and puting them over your head as if your going to push off. You should look like a pencil looking up at the ceiling. While doing this don't be near the wall. just do it out in the middle of the pool Number2: Once you have mastered doing it out in the middle of the pool now it is time to move to the wall. Start out just a little bit past the flags and start to kick in do the flip and push off ON YOUR BACK. Number3: After practicing that go out to the middle of the pool and take a couple of strokes and then flip. You want to make sure that when you do the turn your hands are by your side. Number4: go back and try number3 at the wall. Number5: You have no basicly mastered the turn. What you need to do is after you push off on your back just turn over to your stomach and pop up and start swimming. I hope that this helps. If you have and questions feel free to write me. jamie ------------------- ~From: jamie@dsd.camb.inmet.com (Jamie Millar) To: jmr@bird.cs.uiuc.edu ~Subject: Re: Flip Turns Just try blowing out a little air through your nose as you go over. jamie ------------------ ~From: caroline@stp.stanford.edu (Caroline Lambert) To: jmr@bird.cs.uiuc.edu ~Subject: Re: Flip (Tumble) Turns: Request for Explanation Of ~Newsgroups: rec.sport.swimming In-Reply-To: Organization: Stanford Univ. Earth Sciences Cc: It is a simple somersault. Keep your legs tucked in for the fastest turn (don't 'flip' them over). When your feet hit the wall your toes should be pointing straight up. Twist over onto your front after you push off from the wall. Leave your arms at your side - you can use them to 'scoop' the water down, which helps bringing your legs over. -- Caroline Lambert caroline@stp.Stanford.EDU Seismic Tomography Project Department of Geophysics, Stanford University ------------- > Twist over onto your front after you push off from the wall. Leave > your arms at your side - you can use them to 'scoop' the water > down, which helps bringing your legs over. > > Do you mean that my arms should be at my side as I push off the wall? > If so, then I would only start using them after I had completely > finished the turn and was rightside up, headed down the lane. Is this > a correct assumption? > No - leave your hands at your side as you come into the wall so that they are pointing to the other end of the pool. After the turn they should be pointing in the same direction, but this time they'll be over your head. -- Caroline Lambert caroline@stp.Stanford.EDU Seismic Tomography Project Department of Geophysics, Stanford University James, This is a pretty hard sort of thing to explain without demonstrating movements and stuff, but here is how I turn. Firstly, don't slow down comming at the wall. It took me a while to figure this one, but if you're going at a good speed it's actually easier to flip. If you watch any good swimmers you will probably notice that some of them even speed up when approaching the wall. Also, most pools have a line just in from the side. This is to tell you when to flip. When you see the line, go for it. But how?? Ok, the second before you flip, get yourself into a basic torpedo position. (Remember pre-school?) Arms straight out in front like a bullet. Then when you want to flip, turn your hands PALM UP and let them sort of just drop away to the front or a bit out to the sides (but not too much) in a circular motion. The idea here is that because your body is all stretched out in a straight line, you will follow the path that your arms make for you. Don't depend on this alone though. You should also put some effort into flipping yourself over, as if you would if your arms were by your side. (Try gliding along with your arms here and see what it feels like to just flip). The flip alone usually won't be enough to get you over quick and away. By doing the arm-circular-path thing I said above, you should feel much more power in your flip, guiding you in the direction you want to go. If the above is a bit confusing, then sorry. The main point is that you can use your arms to guide you in the right direction and put more power into your flip. You really need to develop a "feel" for this, so just try it and experiment. One point I will stress though, is that if you stick your arms out all over the place like a clothes-line your turn won't be very efficient, and will probably look pretty bad. You should be able to stay pretty much in your straight forward "torpedo" position. I always flip straight over. I can't offer any scientific advice here or anything, but when I see people flip to the side I just find it quite cumbersome or unelegant or something. Straight over works best for me. All you can do is practise, practise, practise! Instead of going in and setting aside some time to practise your turns, just jump right in the deep end, and decide that if you're going to swim then you're darn well going to flip. This way you will learn pretty fast. After all, you can't have bad turns stuffing your sprints can you? :-) So once you have a basic idea and can sort-of, almost, just about get yourself flipped in the other direction, make practising your turns a regular part of your warm ups, sprints, drills and cool downs. They'll come. Well, like I said, it's pretty hard to just describe, but I hope this helps! Good luck flipping!! Reuben Walker. s1070902@giaeb.cc.monash.edu Here's a few things that helped my turn: Don't slow down. Charge the wall at full speed. At your turning point (usually the "T"), finish your last stroke and leave your arms at your side. Do a quick dolphin kick to get your legs out of the water. As soon as your legs come up, bring your arms up toward your head to do 2 things - 1) It puts on the "brakes" so you don't hit the wall and 2) It helps the flip go quicker. This is the same motion you would do if you were holding 2 books flat in the palm of each hand and threw them over your shoulders as hard as you could. When my feet hit the wall, I'm usually facing sideways by that time. My feet are usually under the water when they hit as well. It took a little practice to avoid hitting my ankles on the edge (that really hurts if you're going fast) or undershooting and missing the wall altogether. Once you get it though, either one is pretty rare. Just be careful if you don't know where your turning point is yet. Keep your chin tucked to your chest during the entire manuver until you break the water coming out of your turn. This helps keep you streamlined when you push off the wall. On your last stroke before your turn, don't breath and don't breath again until at least two strokes after you come out of the turn. Needless to say, you need the lungs. Breathing training is a whole 'nother topic. Hope this helps. -- Thank you, Scot Cunningham scunning@cbis.com (513) 784-5770 --------------------- ========================================================================== SWTRAIN: Notes on different aspects of training. >From lhhuang@jeeves.uwaterloo.ca (Larry Huang) ~Newsgroups: rec.sport.swimming ~Subject: training ~Date: Fri, 30 Jul 1993 19:55:26 GMT Hi fellow aquanauts. I need to train myself in the fall, so I looked through two books, "Swimming Faster" and "A Scientific Approach to the Sport of Swimming" and took some notes. Then I figured that others out there may also benefit from my notes, so I am posting them. These notes are far from complete and are almost certain to contain errors. If you see any errors or want to add your share of swimming/coaching expertise please let the whole group know. Perhaps we can even construct a training FAQ list (hint hint). Personally, I find the two books mentioned above invaluable. I highly recommend them to any serious swimmer/coach. ("Swimming Faster" now has a newer edition, "Swimming Even Faster", but I haven't seen it myself. Can anyone tell me if it contains any thing that is substantially different from the 1st edition?) ------ notes start ------ Different Aspects of Training ============================= The following information are obtained from two books, "Swimming Faster" by Ernest Maglischo and "A Scientific Approach to the Sport of Swimming" by John Troup and Randy Reese. For details refer to the books. They can be mail-ordered from _Swimming_World_ magazine. The performance of a swimmer in a race is affected by the following factors to various degrees depending on the length of the race. 1. Speed 2. Maximal Oxygen Consumption Capability (VO2max) 3. Anaerobic Threshold 4. Lactate Tolerance _Speed_ is without a doubt the most important factor in short sprinting events like the 50 and the 100. It also affects longer events to a lesser degree. _Maximal_Oxygen_Consumption_, abbreviated _VO2max_, is the ability of the body to consume, transport, and utilize oxygen. It is measured by the maximum amount of oxygen a person can consume per minute per kilogram body weight. This is one of the major factor affecting endurance. The _Anaerobic_Threshold_ describes the work intensity above which the body cannot remove lactic acid as fast as it is diffused into the bloodstream. That is, swimmer can seemingly go on indefinitely if he/she is working at an intensity below his/her anaerobic threshold, whereas if the work intensity climbs above the anaerobic threshold, blood lactate concentration will rise above normal and fatigue will occur. Clearly, for two swimmers with similar _VO2max_ but different _AT_ levels, the one with a higher _AT_ level can maintain a faster speed for a longer period of time. The _AT_ plays a significant role in distances of 400 yards/meters or longer, and may also play a role in 200 or 100 events. The _Anaerobic_Threshold_ is expressed as the percentage of the _VO2max_ where excess lactate appears in the blood. _Lactate_Tolerance_ is the ability to maintain speed despite a high level of lactate buildup. This is particularly important for finishing 100-200 races, because in these short races there is not enough time for sufficient amount of oxygen to be consumed to cause significant reduction in lactate production. Sometimes _Lactate_Tolerance_ is viewed as the ability of a swimmer to "bring the race home". Training the Different Systems ------------------------------ The principle of _Specificity_Training_ is typified by the saying "to do something well, do lots of it". However, this should not be taken to mean that since competitive swimmers train to compete, they should always train at competition speed. It is true that when swimming at racing speed, all of the different metabolic systems mentioned above are recruited. But each system by itself is not stressed fully in racing speed swims, and so the effect of training on each system is not maximized. Moreover, swimmers who train at racing speed too often risk burning out. To properly implement specificity training, one should apply the principle of isolation, overloading, and progression. That is, each system should be trained separately at an intensity that creates challenging demands on that system, and that intensity should gradually increase. As an example, swim training often involves pulling or kicking alone. Since the swimmers are not swimming full strokes, their kicking or pulling are isolated and a higher stress can be placed on their arms/legs separately, resulting in higher efficiency and more power. This type of training is used even though swimmers do not pull only or kick only in races. (Note: since overloading and progression involves subjecting the body to higher stress than it is used to, it should be carefully monitored and adjusted to each individule to avoid overtraining.) Speed Training -------------- The best way to increase sprint speed seems to be short repeats at maximal speeds. Repeats of 12.5, 25, and 50 yards/meters can be used for this purpose. Each repeat should be swum as fast as possible to create overloading effects. Whenever possible, try swimming at faster than race speed. Between each repeat swimmers should have sufficient rest so that subsequent repeats can be done at maximum speed. Sprint training should not hurt. (Some researches indicate that Sprint-Assisted training is more effective in improving speed than Sprint-Resisted training.) The following drills can be used to improve sprint speed: Number of Length of Distance Repeats Rest Intervals Speed ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 12.5 40-60 20-30 seconds Faster than half of in sets of 10 best 25 y/m time 25 20-40 20-39 seconds Within 1 sec. of best in sets of 10 25 y/m time 50 6-20 2-3 minutes Within 2 sec. of best in sets of 5 50 y/m time broken 50 6-10 10 sec. between Present or predicted (2 x 25) 25's, 1-2 min. 50 y/m speed between 50's broken 100 4-8 10 sec. between Present or predicted 25's, 2-3 min. 100 y/m speed between 50's ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Improving Maximal Oxygen Consumption ------------------------------------ There are several factors that affect the transport and utilization of oxygen in the body: the respiratory system, the circulatory system, and the muscular system. The respiratory system has not been found to be the limiting factor, since it delivers more oxygen to the circulatory system than can be transported in the blood (even during the most strenuous exercise, athletes exhale more than half of the oxygen they inhale). Some researcher nowadays believe that the circulatory system is not the major limiting factor, since muscles do not extract all of the oxygen that is delivered to them by the circulatory system. Others maintain that the circulatory system is the limiting factor. They think that contracting muscles extract all of the oxygen from the blood that passes by and could take more if it was available, and that the oxygen remaining in the blood after it leaves the muscles is carried by red blood cells that passed by muscle fibres that were not contracting. If the circulatory system is the main limiting factor, then any type of exercise of the proper intensity is sufficient for training the circulatory system. On the other hand, if the muscular system is the limiting factor, and since training effects in the muscular system occur only in those fibres that have been exercised, it is advisable not to substitute other forms of exercises for swimming, as it is not clear whether they exercise the same muscle fibres as swimming does. Thus before there is clear evidence indicating the limiting factor in oxygen consumption, it is wise to swim one's major stroke(s) frequently in training. When training to improve VO2max, one should pay close attention to rest intervals. It requires approximately 2-3 minutes for the body to fully respond to the demand for additional oxygen and to begin providing it at a maximum rate. Thus work periods of 3-5 minutes are very effective because they provide sufficient time to reach one's present VO2max and then remain there long enough to produce a training effect. In fact, any distance can be used for training VO2max if the intensity of swim and lengths of rest intervals are properly adjusted. Repeats should be done in sets when training VO2max. Since the rate of work required to reach VO2max is so intense, some lactate will be accumulated during the swims, causing a reduction in speed. When this happens, oxygen consumption drops and the training effect is reduced. On the other hand, if the repeats are done in several sets and a short rest is taken between each set, there is a better chance that speed is maintained during the swims and so the training effect is enhanced. The following table lists ways to train VO2max efficiently: Number of Length of Distance Repeats Rest Intervals Speed ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 50 40-60, 10 sec. between 80%-85% of 50 speed in sets of 10 50's, 2-3 min. between sets 80%-85% of 100 speed 75-100 20-30, 10-20 sec. between in sets of 5-10 repeats, 2-3 min. between sets 150-200 10-20, 30 sec. between 85%-90% of 200 pace in sets of 3-5 repeats, 3-5 min. between sets 300, 400, 4-8 2-3 min. 80%-90% of race pace 500 600, 700, 3-4 3-5 min. 80%-90% of race pace 800 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Training the Anaerobic Threshold -------------------------------- The principles of speficity, overloading, and progresion suggest that the rate of lactate removal from working muscles could be improved by training at speeds that are slightly in excess of the present AT. This allows overloading the lactate removal mechanisms without causing excessive fatigue. Base on some research results, repeat speeds of 75 to 85 percent of maximum and post-repeat heart rates of 140 to 150 are optimal for training the AT in early season. Later in the season the repeat speeds should be 85 to 90 percent and heart rates of 150 to 170 should be the new targets. AT training should be intense enough to cause mild distress, but not severe pain from lactate buildup. Always train at speeds that are just a little faster than what feels comfortable, and try to force increases in the AT by increasing the training speeds slowly as the season progresses. The interval training suggested in the table below can be used to traing the AT: Number of Length of Distance Repeats Rest Intervals Speed ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 25, 50, 75 20-40 5-10 sec. between 65%-80% of race speed 100 repeats in early season 75%-90% later 150-200 10-20 10 sec. between 65%-80% of race speed repeats in early season 75%-90% later 300-400 6-10 10-30 sec. between 75%-90% of race speed repeats in early season 85%-90% later 500-600 6-10 10-30 sec. between 75%-90% of race speed repeats in early season 90%-95% later 700-800 3-5 or more 30 sec. to 1 min. 90%-95% of race speed in early season 900-1000 95% later mile 1-3 or more 1-2 min. 90%-95% of race speed in early season 95% later 3000-5000 1-2 or more 1-2 min. 90%-95% of best training time in early season 95% of later ----------------------------------------------------------------------- There is evidence that a swimmer can work too hard that attempts to improve the VO2max or the AT are interfered with by excess lactate buildup. Therefore it is important to swim VO2max and AT training sets at submaximal speeds. It is probably more effective to swim a large number of repeats at appropriate speeds than to swim fewer repeats at a faster pace. Increasing Lactate Tolerance ---------------------------- As mentioned before, lactate tolerance is very important for 100-200 races. For longer races, a higher VO2max and better lactate removal are more important. The principles of specificity and overload imply that swimmers should swim their major stroke(s) causing high lactate buildup to increase their lactate tolerance. Some researchers suggest that one-minute maximum efforts followed by 4-5 minutes of rest periods are ideal for training lactate tolerance. This is because it takes the body around 40 to 50 seconds to reach its maximum limit for lactate tolerance during all-out efforts, and so a one-minute work period would provide the proper overloading required for improvement. Rest periods of 4-5 minutes are then required for sufficient lactate removal so that additional all-out efforts can be completed. This would seem to suggest that repeats of 100 y/m is best suited for lactate tolerance training. In fact, many other repeat distances can be used for this purpose, provided that speed and the work/rest time ratio are properly set. The key to improving lactate tolerance is to cause excess lactate to accumulate and then give the swimmer sufficient rest to allow for removal of the excess lactate. For this reason, long distance repeats are not well-suited for lactate tolerance training. Some suggested methods for training lactate tolerance are given: Number of Length of Distance Repeats Rest Intervals Speed ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 50 16-20 in sets 10-15 sec. when 85%-90% of best time of 4-10 or as doing multiple a straight set sets, 30-60 sec. when doing a straight set 75 4-20 in sets 10-15 sec. when 85%-90% of best time of 4 or 5 doing multiple sets, 3-5 min. when doing a straight set 100 8-12 in sets 30 sec. to 5 min. 85%-95% of best time of 3 or 5 between repeats, 3-5 min. between set 150-200 3-6 30 sec. to 5 min. 90%-95% of race speed 300-800 3-5 3-5 min. 95%-99% of race speed ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Each repeat should be done at a near maximum effort with post-swim heart rate at or near maximum, so that the mechanisms that increase lactate production and pain tolerance are overloaded. It is important to note that lactate tolerance training is very stressful and thus should not be used too often. Race-Pace Training ------------------ The benefits of this type of training are: - bring all metabolic processes into play and hence give an integrating form of metabolic adaptation that are not produced by other training methods - improve the interaction of the various metabolic processes - improve pacing ability and stroke efficiency at race speed Swimmers should swim this type of training using the stroke(s) they will use in competition. Again this type of training is very stressful and should not be used to frequently. Training methods are: Number of Length of Distance Repeats Rest Intervals Speed ----------------------------------------------------------------------- training 50 free sprinters: --------------------------- 25 10-20 in sets 5-10 sec. between present or predicted of 4 repeats, 2-3 min. 50 speed between sets 50 4-10 2-3 min. 90%-95% of race speed broken 50 4-10 10 sec. between present or predicted 25's, 2-3 min. 50 speed betwen 50's training 100 sprinters: ----------------------- 25 15-40 in sets 10-15 sec. between present or predicted of 8-12 repeats, 2-3 min. 100 pace between sets 50 20-30 in sets 15-30 sec. between present or predicted of 4-6 repeats, 3-5 min. 100 pace between sets 75 10-20 in sets 30-60 sec. between 85%-90% of present or of 3-5 25's, 3-5 min. predicted 100 speed betwen sets 100 4-6 4-5 min. 90%-95% of race speed (4 x 25)'s 4-10 5 sec. between present or predicted 25's, 2-3 min. race speed between 100's (2 x 50)'s 3-5 10-20 sec. between present or predicted 50's, 3-4 min. race speed between 100's training 200 swimmers: ---------------------- 25 30-60 in sets 5-10 sec. between present or predicted of 8-16 repeats, 2-3 min. race speed between sets 50 20-40 in sets 10-15 sec. between present or predicted of 6-8 repeats, 2-7 min. race pace between sets 75 12-20 in sets 20-30 sec. between present or predicted of 4-8 repeats, 2-4 min. race speed betwen sets 100 10-15 in sets 1 min. between present or predicted of 3-4 repeats, 3-5 min. race speed betwen sets 150-200 3-5 5-6 min. 90%-95% of race pace (4 x 50) 4-8 10 sec. between present or predicted 50's, 2-4 min. race speed between 200's (2 x 100) or 3-5 20-30 sec. between present or predicted (2 x 75) + parts, 3-5 min. race speed (1 x 50) between 200's training 400m/500y freestylers and 400 IMer's: ---------------------------------------------- 50 30-60 in sets 10-15 sec. between present or predicted of 10-15 repeats, 2-4 min. race pace between sets 75-100 15-30 in sets 20-30 sec. between present or predicted of 8-12 repeats, 3-5 min. race speed betwen sets 150-200 5-10 2-3 min. present or predicted race speed 300-500 3-4 3-5 min. 90%-95% of 500 pace broken 400 3-5 10 sec. between present or predicted or 500 parts, 3-5 min. race speed between swims training 1500m/1650y freestylers: ------------------------------- 50 60-80 in sets 5-10 sec. between present or predicted of 30-40 repeats, 3-5 min. race pace between sets 100 30-50 in sets 10-20 sec. between present or predicted of 15-16 repeats, 3-5 min. race speed betwen sets 150-300 10-20 in sets 30-60 sec. between 95% of 1500m/1650y of 8-10 repeats, 3-5 min. betwen sets 400-600 6-12 in sets 1-3 min. between 90% of 1500m/1650y of 3-4 repeats, 4-8 min. between sets 700-1000 3-4 3-5 min. 90% of 1500m/1650y 1500m/1650y 2-3 5-10 min. 90%-95% of race pace broken 1500 2-3 10 sec. between present or predicted parts, 4-8 min. race speed between 1500's ----------------------------------------------------------------------- ------ end of notes ------ >From iseidl@tartarus.uwa.edu.au (Isaac Seidl) ~Newsgroups: rec.sport.swimming ~Subject: training ~Date: 12 Aug 1993 15:30:28 GMT Great! Now then, you've read all about things such as anaerobic threshold etc, but how do you determine what's right for you? It might well be between 150-170 beats per minute (post repeat speed), but we differ :-) To determine your AT, you should do lactate testing. Yeah right, sure (excuse me, just flaming myself). The best way to do it is to do a set of say 5*200, starting easy and descending down to maximum. Take your times and post repeat heart rates. Put these on a graph. You should notice a sort of linear graph up to a certain point, where it curves up steeper all of a sudden. (My coach made me do these breaststroke, Yecchhhh...). At this point, your heart is going faster to cope becasue of increased lactate production (I forget the mechanism, complicated). Anyway, the point where you get the increase in slope of the graph, read off your heart rate. To all intents and purposes, this is a good starting point for AT. Repeat the whole procedure often. Because it is a crude method of determining the approximate heart rate which equates to AT, it could fluctuate. My $0.03 worth (Australian Dollars are worth less....) Cheers Isaac iseidl@tartarus.uwa.edu.au My Karma just ran over your Dogma (Recently spoted bumper sticker) ======================================================================= SWBBS: BBS for USS results adrion@capri.cs.umass.edu (Rick Adrion) >There is a BBS for US Swimming that has the results for all major >USS/NCAA/FINA etc. meets. The number is (719) 632-2240. This number is valid but you have to be a member of USS to get access. (Thanks to wmf@kiefer.chi.il.us (Bill Fischer) for trying it out) ==================================================================== SWLENS: Mail order addresses for goggles w/ prescription lenses. ~From: abj33224@uxa.cso.uiuc.edu (jaffster) Adolph Kiefer & Associates 4211 highway 173 Zion IL 60099 (800) 323-4071 (708) 872-8866 You can get a current catalog of all Kiefer products by sending mail to catalog@kiefer.chi.il.us with your name and address in the mail body. ~From: gilson@iccgcc.decnet.ab.com (Mike Gilson) Circle City Swimwear 5036 East 62nd Street Indianapolis IN 46220 (317) 257-7946 Any addresses for Europe, Canada or other parts of the US would be appreciated. ============================================================================ SWOLY_92_RESULT: Here are the results of the 1992 Olympics held in Barcelona MENS EVENTS ============ 50 Free ------- 1. Alexander Popov Unified Team 21.91 OR 2. Matt Biondi United States 22.09 3. Tom Jager United States 22.?? 100 Free -------- 1. Alexander Popov Unified Team 49.02 2. Gustavo Borges Brazil Timer failure 3. Stefan Caron France 49.50 200 Free WR : 1:46.69 -------- 1. Evgueni Sadovyi Unified Team 1:46.70 OR 2. Anders Holmertz Sweden 1:46.86 3. Antti Kasvio Finland 1:47.63 400 Free -------- 1. Evgueni Sadovyi Unified Team 3:45.00 WR 2. Kieren Perkins Australia 3:45.16 3. Anders Holmertz Sweden 3:46.77 1500 Free --------- 1. Kieren Perkins Australia 14:43. WR 2. Glen Housman Australia 3. Jorg Hoffman Germany 100 Butterfly ------------- 1. Pablo Morales United States 53.32 (24.56) 2. Rafal Szukaka Poland 53.35 3. Antony Nesty Surinam 53.41 200 Butterfly ------------- 1. Melvin Stewart United States 1:56.26 OR 2. Daniel Loader New Zealand 1:57.93 3. Frank Esposito France 1:58.57 100 Backcrawl ------------- 1. Mark Tewksbury Canada 53.98 OR 2. Jeff Rouse United States 54.04 3. David Berkoff United States 54.78 200 Backcrawl ------------- 1. Martin Lopez-Zubero Spain 1:58.47 OR 2. Vladimir Selkov Unified Team 1:58.87 3. Stefan Battistelli Italy 1:59.40 100 Breastroke -------------- 1. Nelson Diebel United States 1:01.50 OR 2. Norbert Rozsa Hungary 1:01.68 3: Phillip Rogers Australia 1:01.76 200 Breastroke -------------- 1. Mike Barrowman United States 2:10.16 WR 2. Norbert Rozsa Hungary 2:11.23 3. Nick Gillingham Great Britain 2:11.29 200 I.M ------- 1. Tamas Darnyi Hungary 2. Greg Burgess United States 3. Attila Czene Hungary 400 I.M ------- 1. Tamas Darnyi Hungary 4:14.23 OR 2. Eric Namesnik United States 4:15.57 3. Luca Sacchi Italy 4:16.34 4x100 Freestyle Relay --------------------- 1. United States 3:16.74 2. Unified Team 3:17.56 3. Germany 3:17.90 4x200 Freestyle Relay --------------------- 1. Unified Team 7:11.95 WR 2. Sweden 3. United States 4x100 Medley Relay ------------------ 1. United States WR 2. Unified Team 3. Canada WOMENS EVENTS ============= 50 Free ------- 1. Wenyi Yang China 24.86 WR 2. Zhuang Yong China 3. Angel Martino United States 100 Free -------- 1. Yong Zhuang China 54.64 OR 2. Jenny Thompson United States 54.84 3. Francizca Van Almsick Germany 54.94 200 Free -------- 1. Nicole Haislett United States 1:57.90 2. Fancizca Van Almsick Germany 1:58.00 3. Kirsten Kielgass Germany 1:59.67 400 Free -------- 1. Dagmar Hase Germany 4:07.18 2. Janet Evans United States 4:07.37 3. Hayley Lewis Australia 4:11.22 800 Free -------- 1. Janet Evans United States 8:25.52 2. Hayley Lewis Australia 8:30.34 3. Jana Henke Germany 8:30.99 100 Butterfly ------------- 1. Qian Hong China 58.62 OR 2. Chris Ahmann-Leighton United States 58.74 3. Catherine Plewinski France 59.01 200 Butterfly ------------- 1. Summer Sanders United States 2:08.67 2. Wang Xiaohong China 2:09.01 3. Susan O'Neill Australia 2:09.03 100 Backcrawl ------------- 1. Kristina Egerszegi Hungary 1:00.88 OR 2. Tunde Szabo Hungary 1:01.14 3. Lea Loveless United States 1:01.43 200 Backcrawl ------------- 1. Kristina Egerszegi Hungary 2. Dagmar Hase Germany 3. Nicole Livingstone Australia 100 Breastroke -------------- 1. Elena Roudkovskaya Unified Team 1:08.00 2. Anita Nall United States 1:08.17 3. Samantha Riley Australia 1:09.25 200 Breastroke -------------- 1. Kyoko Iowasaki Japan 2:26.65 OR 2. Li Lin China 2:26.85 3. Anita Nall United States 2:26.88 200 I.M ------- 1. Li Lin China 2:11.65 WR 2. Summer Sanders United States 2:11.91 3. Daniela Hunger Germany 2:13.92 4x100 Freestyle Relay --------------------- 1. United States 3:39.46 WR 2. China 3:40.12 3. Germany 3:41.60 4x100 Medley Relay ------------------ 1. United States 4:02.54 WR,OR 2. Germany 3. Unified Team ========================================================================== Any contributions, information, addresses or suggestions can be emailed to me at redmondd@unix1.tcd.ie Donncha